Upon service of the order, the respondent has 24 hours to relinquish their firearms to a licensed firearm dealer or law enforcement agency. Under this law, when an individual poses a significant danger of harming themselves or others and has or could obtain access to a firearm, law enforcement or family members (and some coworkers and school personnel as of September 2020) can petition a judge for a GVRO, which temporarily (for up to 21 days) prohibits the subject of the order-the respondent-from purchasing or possessing firearms and ammunition. Following a mass shooting that exposed this legal gap and its dangers, California adopted a targeted, risk-based policy for firearm violence prevention with its gun violence restraining order (GVRO) law, 3 which went into effect on January 1, 2016. 2 However, in most states, individuals exhibiting a risk of harming others or themselves are legally permitted to possess and purchase firearms as long as they are not otherwise prohibited from ownership. 1 Many acts of firearm violence-including two-thirds of public mass shootings-are preceded by explicit or implicit threats. Half of suicides and three-quarters of homicides in the US involve firearms, with firearm violence resulting in nearly 40 000 deaths and many more injuries in 2019 alone. GVROs were not associated with reduced population-level rates of firearm violence in San Diego County, but this may change as the number of orders increases over time the association between GVROs and firearm violence at the individual level cannot be inferred from our findings and should be the subject of future studies. Results from in-space placebo tests suggested that these differences cannot be distinguished from variation due to chance (pseudo- P values from a 1-sided test: P for assault = .35, P for self-harm = .67).Ĭonclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this study was the first to analyze the association between GVRO implementation and firearm violence in California and the first to evaluate the association between risk-based firearm removal laws and firearm assault in any state. The mean difference between the observed rate in San Diego County and the estimated rate in the synthetic San Diego County, 2016-2019, was −0.74 firearm assaults per 100 000 (−13% difference) and 0.13 firearm self-harm injuries per 100 000 (3% difference). Results In the study period, there were 355 GVROs in San Diego county, and a median (IQR) total of 8 (3-20) GVROs per donor county. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual rates of fatal and nonfatal firearm assault injuries and firearm self-harm injuries per 100 000 people. Data were analyzed from February 2021 to July 2021.Įxposures Implementation of the statewide GVRO law in 2016 in San Diego County. A total of 27 California counties that issued no or very few gun violence restraining orders from 2016 to 2019 and that had stable rates of firearm violence between 20 were included in the control pool. San Diego County was used as the treated unit because it issued substantially more GVROs than any other county in California during the study period. Objective To determine whether implementation of the California GVRO law was associated with decreased rates of firearm assault or firearm self-harm in a large metropolitan county between 20.ĭesign, Setting, and Participants This serial cross-sectional study including data from 28 counties used the synthetic control method to evaluate differences in firearm violence between San Diego County and its synthetic control following implementation of the California law from 2016 to 2019. The research to date is on older and more limited risk-warrant laws. Importance California’s gun violence restraining order (GVRO) law, implemented beginning in 2016, allows for people at high risk of harming themselves or others with a firearm to be temporarily disarmed and prevented from purchasing firearms for 3 weeks to 1 year many states have recently enacted similar laws. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
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